中华人民共和国外交特权与豁免条例(附英文)
全国人民代表大会
中华人民共和国主席令（六届第44号）
《中华人民共和国外交特权与豁免条例》已由中华人民共和国第六届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第十七次会议于1986年9月5日通过，现予公布，自公布之日起施行。
中华人民共和国主席 李先念
1986年9月5日
中华人民共和国外交特权与豁免条例
（1986年9月5日第六届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第十七次会议通过 1986年9月5日中华人民共和国主席令第四十四号公布 自公布之日起施行）
第一条 为确定外国驻中国使馆和使馆人员的外交特权与豁免，便于外国驻中国使馆代表其国家有效地执行职务，特制定本条例。
第二条 使馆外交人员原则上应当是具有派遣国国籍的人。如果委派中国或者第三国国籍的人为使馆外交人员，必须征得中国主管机关的同意。中国主管机关可以随时撤销此项同意。
第三条 使馆及其馆长有权在使馆馆舍和使馆馆长交通工具上，使用派遣国的国旗或者国徽。
第四条 使馆馆舍不受侵犯。中国国家工作人员进入使馆馆舍，须经使馆馆长或者其授权人员的同意。中国有关机关应当采取适当措施，保护使馆馆舍免受侵犯或者损害。
使馆的馆舍、设备及馆舍内其他财产和使馆交通工具免受搜查、征用、扣押或者强制执行。
第五条 使馆馆舍免纳捐税，但为其提供特定服务所收的费用不在此限。
使馆办理公务所收规费和手续费免纳捐税。
第六条 使馆的档案和文件不受侵犯。
第七条 使馆人员在中国境内有行动和旅行的自由，中国政府规定禁止或者限制进入的区域除外。
第八条 使馆为公务目的可以与派遣国政府以及派遣国其他使馆和领事馆自由通讯。通讯可以采用一切适当方法，包括外交信使、外交邮袋和明码、密码电信在内。
第九条 使馆设置和使用供通讯用的无线电收发信机，必须经中国政府同意。使馆运进上述设备，按中国政府的有关规定办理。
第十条 使馆来往的公文不受侵犯。
外交邮袋不得开拆或者扣留。
外交邮袋以装载外交文件或者公务用品为限，应予加封并附有可资识别的外部标记。
第十一条 外交信使必须持有派遣国主管机关出具的信使证明书。外交信使人身不受侵犯，不受逮捕或者拘留。
临时外交信使必须持有派遣国主管机关出具的临时信使证明书，在其负责携带外交邮袋期间，享有与外交信使同等的豁免。
商业飞机机长受委托可以转递外交邮袋，但机长必须持有委托国官方证明文件，注明所携带的外交邮袋件数。机长不得视为外交信使。使馆应当派使馆人员向机长接交外交邮袋。
第十二条 外交代表人身不受侵犯，不受逮捕或者拘留。中国有关机关应当采取适当措施，防止外交代表的人身自由和尊严受到侵犯。
第十三条 外交代表的寓所不受侵犯，并受保护。
外交代表的文书和信件不受侵犯。外交代表的财产不受侵犯，但第十四条另有规定的除外。
第十四条 外交代表享有刑事管辖豁免。
外交代表享有民事管辖豁免和行政管辖豁免，但下列各项除外：
（一）外交代表以私人身份进行的遗产继承的诉讼；
（二）外交代表违反第二十五条第三项规定在中国境内从事公务范围以外的职业或者商业活动的诉讼。
外交代表免受强制执行，但对前款所列情况，强制执行对其人身和寓所不构成侵犯的，不在此限。
外交代表没有以证人身份作证的义务。
第十五条 外交代表和第二十条规定享有豁免的人员的管辖豁免可以由派遣国政府明确表示放弃。
外交代表和第二十条规定享有豁免的人员如果主动提起诉讼，对与本诉直接有关的反诉，不得援用管辖豁免。
放弃民事管辖豁免或者行政管辖豁免，不包括对判决的执行也放弃豁免。放弃对判决执行的豁免须另作明确表示。
第十六条 外交代表免纳捐税，但下列各项除外：
（一）通常计入商品价格或者服务价格内的捐税；
（二）有关遗产的各种捐税，但外交代表亡故，其在中国境内的动产不在此限；
（三）对来源于中国境内的私人收入所征的捐税；
（四）为其提供特定服务所收的费用。
第十七条 外交代表免除一切个人和公共劳务以及军事义务。
第十八条 使馆运进的公务用品、外交代表运进的自用物品，按照中国政府的有关规定免纳关税和其他捐税。
外交代表的私人行李免受查验，但中国有关机关有重大理由推定其中装有不属于前款规定免税的物品或者中国法律和政府规定禁止运进、运出或者检疫法规规定管制的物品的，可以查验。查验时，须有外交代表或者其授权人员在场。
第十九条 使馆和使馆人员携运自用的枪支、子弹入境，必须经中国政府批准，并且按中国政府的有关规定办理。
第二十条 与外交代表共同生活的配偶及未成年子女，如果不是中国公民，享有第十二条至第十八条所规定的特权与豁免。
使馆行政技术人员和与其共同生活的配偶及未成年子女，如果不是中国公民并且不是在中国永久居留的，享有第十二条至第十七条所规定的特权与豁免，但民事管辖豁免和行政管辖豁免，仅限于执行公务的行为。使馆行政技术人员到任后半年内运进的安家物品享有第十八条第一款所规定的免税的特权。
使馆服务人员如果不是中国公民并且不是在中国永久居留的，其执行公务的行为享有豁免，其受雇所得报酬免纳所得税。其到任后半年内运进的安家物品享有第十八条第一款所规定的免税的特权。
使馆人员的私人服务员如果不是中国公民并且不是在中国永久居留的，其受雇所得的报酬免纳所得税。
第二十一条 外交代表如果是中国公民或者获得在中国永久居留资格的外国人，仅就其执行公务的行为，享有管辖豁免和不受侵犯。
第二十二条 下列人员享有在中国过境或者逗留期间所必需的豁免和不受侵犯：
（一）途经中国的外国驻第三国的外交代表和与其共同生活的配偶及未成年子女；
（二）持有中国外交签证或者持有外交护照（仅限互免签证的国家）来中国的外国官员；
（三）经中国政府同意给予本条所规定的特权与豁免的其他来中国访问的外国人士。
对途经中国的第三国外交信使及其所携带的外交邮袋，参照第十条、第十一条的规定办理。
第二十三条 来中国访问的外国国家元首、政府首脑、外交部长及其他具有同等身份的官员，享有本条例所规定的特权与豁免。
第二十四条 来中国参加联合国及其专门机构召开的国际会议的外国代表、临时来中国的联合国及其专门机构的官员和专家、联合国及其专门机构驻中国的代表机构和人员的待遇，按中国已加入的有关国际公约和中国与有关国际组织签订的协议办理。
第二十五条 享有外交特权与豁免的人员：
（一）应当尊重中国的法律、法规；
（二）不得干涉中国的内政；
（三）不得在中国境内为私人利益从事任何职业或者商业活动；
（四）不得将使馆馆舍和使馆工作人员寓所充作与使馆职务不相符合的用途。
第二十六条 如果外国给予中国驻该国使馆、使馆人员以及临时去该国的有关人员的外交特权与豁免，低于中国按本条例给予该国驻中国使馆、使馆人员以及临时来中国的有关人员的外交特权与豁免，中国政府根据对等原则，可以给予该国驻中国使馆、使馆人员以及临时来中国的有关人员以相应的外交特权与豁免。
第二十七条 中国缔结或者参加的国际条约另有规定的，按照国际条约的规定办理，但中国声明保留的条款除外。
中国与外国签订的外交特权与豁免协议另有规定的，按照协议的规定执行。
第二十八条 本条例中下列用语的含义是：
（一）“使馆馆长”是指派遣国委派担任此项职位的大使、公使、代办以及其他同等级别的人；
（二）“使馆人员”是指使馆馆长和使馆工作人员；
（三）“使馆工作人员”是指使馆外交人员、行政技术人员和服务人员；
（四）“使馆外交人员”是指具有外交官衔的使馆工作人员；
（五）“外交代表”是指使馆馆长或者使馆外交人员；
（六）“使馆行政技术人员”是指从事行政和技术工作的使馆工作人员；
（七）“使馆服务人员”是指从事服务工作的使馆工作人员；
（八）“私人服务员”是指使馆人员私人雇用的人员；
（九）“使馆馆舍”是指使馆使用和使馆馆长官邸的建筑物及其附属的土地。
第二十九条 本条例自公布之日起施行。
REGULATIONS OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA CONCERNING DIPLO-MATIC PRIVILEGES AND IMMUNITIES
Important Notice: (注意事项)
英文本源自中华人民共和国务院法制局编译, 中国法制出版社出版的《中华人民共和国涉外法规汇编》(1991年7月版).
当发生歧意时, 应以法律法规颁布单位发布的中文原文为准.
This English document is coming from "LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GOVERNING FOREIGN-RELATED MATTERS" (1991.7)
which is compiled by the Brueau of Legislative Affairs of the State
Council of the People's Republic of China, and is published by the China
Legal System Publishing House.
In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.
Whole Document (法规全文)
REGULATIONS OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA CONCERNING DIPLO-
MATIC PRIVILEGES AND IMMUNITIES
(Adopted at the 17th Meeting of the Standing Committee of the
Sixth National People's Congress, promulgated by Order No. 44 of the
President of the People's Republic of China and effective as of September
5, 1986)
Article 1
The present Regulations are formulated for the purpose of defining the
diplomatic privileges and immunities of the diplomatic missions in China
and their members and facilitating the efficient performance of the
functions of the diplomatic missions in China as representing States.
Article 2
The members of the diplomatic staff of a mission shall in principle be of
the nationality of the sending State. They may be appointed from among
persons of Chinese or third-state nationality only with the consent of the
competent Chinese authorities, which may be withdrawn at any time by the
said authorities.
Article 3
The mission and its head shall have the right to use the flag and emblem
of the sending State on the premises of the mission and on the means of
transport of the head of the mission.
Article 4
The premises of the mission shall be inviolable. Chinese government
functionaries may enter them only with the consent of the head of the
mission or another member of the mission authorized by him. The Chinese
authorities concerned shall take appropriate measures to protect the
premises of the mission against any intrusion or damage. The premises of
the mission, their furnishings and other property thereon and the means of
transport of the mission shall be immune from search, requisition,
attachment or execution.
Article 5
The premises of the mission shall be exempt from dues and taxes, other
than such as represent payment for specific services rendered.
The fees and charges levied by the mission in the course of its official
duties shall be exempt from all dues and taxes.
Article 6
The archives and documents of the mission shall be inviolable.
Article 7
The members of the mission shall enjoy freedom of movement and travel
within Chinese territory except for areas the entry into which is
prohibited or restricted by the regulations of the Chinese Government.
Article 8
The mission may for official purposes communicate freely with the
Government and the other missions and consulates of the sending State. In
so doing, it may employ all appropriate means, including diplomatic
couriers, diplomatic bag, and messages in code or cipher.
Article 9
The mission may install and use a wireless transmitter-receiver for the
purpose of communication only with the consent of the Chinese Government.
The import of the above-mentioned equipment shall be subject to the
relevant procedure as specified by the Chinese Government.
Article 10
The official correspondence of the mission shall be inviolable.
The diplomatic bag shall not be opened or detained.
The diplomatic bag may contain only diplomatic papers or articles intended
for official use and must be sealed and bear visible external marks of its
contents.
Article 11
The diplomatic courier shall be provided with a courier certificate issued
by the competent authorities of the sending State. He shall enjoy personal
inviolability and shall not be liable to arrest or detention.
Diplomatic couriers ad hoc shall be provided with certificates of courier
ad hoc issued by the competent authorities of the sending State, and shall
enjoy the same immunities as the diplomatic courier while charged with the
carrying of the diplomatic bag. A diplomatic bag may be entrusted to the
captain of a commercial aircraft. He shall be provided with an official
document issued by the consigner state indicating the number of packages
constituting the bag, but he shall not be regarded as a diplomatic
courier. The mission shall send its members to receive the diplomatic bag
from the captain of the aircraft or deliver it to him.
Article 12
The person of a diplomatic agent shall be inviolable. He shall not be
liable to arrest or detention. The Chinese authorities concerned shall
take appropriate measures to prevent any attack on his personal freedom
and dignity.
Article 13
The residence of a diplomatic agent shall enjoy inviolability and
protection. His papers, correspondence and, except as provided in Article
14, his property, shall be inviolable.
Article 14
A diplomatic agent shall enjoy immunity from criminal jurisdiction.
He shall also enjoy immunity from civil and administrative jurisdiction,
except in the case of:
(1) an action relating to succession in which he is involved as a private
person;
(2) an action relating to any professional or commercial activity
conducted by him in China outside his official functions in violation of
paragraph 3 of Article 25. No measures of execution shall be taken in
respect of a diplomatic agent except in cases coming under the preceding
paragraphs of this Article, where the measures of execution do not
constitute any violations of his person and residence.
A diplomatic agent is not obliged to give evidence as a witness.
Article 15
The immunity from jurisdiction of diplomatic agents and of persons
enjoying immunity under Article 20 may be waived through explicit
expression by the Government of the sending State.
The initiation of proceedings by a diplomatic agent or by a person
enjoying immunity from jurisdiction under Article 20 shall preclude him
from invoking immunity from jurisdiction in respect of any counter-claim
directly connected with the claim. Waiver of immunity from civil or
administrative jurisdiction shall not imply waiver of immunity in respect
of the execution of the judgment, for which a separate and explicit waiver
shall be necessary.
Article 16
A diplomatic agent shall be exempt from all dues and taxes, except:
(1) dues and taxes of a kind which are normally incorporated in the price
of goods or services;
(2) estate, succession or inheritance duties, except for the movable
property in China of a deceased diplomatic agent;
(3) dues and taxes on private income having its source in China;
(4) charges levied for specific services rendered.
Article 17
Diplomatic agents shall be exempt from all personal and public services as
well as military obligations.
Article 18
Imported articles for the official use of the mission and those for the
personal use of a diplomatic agent shall, in accordance with the relevant
regulations of the Chinese Government, be exempt from customs duties and
all other related dues and taxes. The personal baggage of a diplomatic
agent shall be exempt from inspection, unless the competent Chinese
authorities have serious grounds for presuming that it contains articles
not covered by the exemptions specified in the previous paragraph, or
articles the import or export of which is prohibited by Chinese laws and
government regulations or controlled by the quarantine law and
regulations. Such inspection shall be conducted in the presence of the
diplomatic agent or of his authorized representative.
Article 19
The diplomatic missions and their members may bring and import firearms
and bullets into China for their personal use, subject to the approval of
the Chinese government and to its relevant regulations.
Article 20
The spouse and under-age children of a diplomatic agent forming part of
his household shall, if they are not nationals of China, enjoy the
privileges and immunities specified in Article 12 to 18.
The members of the administrative and technical staff of the mission,
together with their spouses and under-age children forming part of their
respective households, shall, if they are not nationals of and permanently
resident in China, enjoy the privileges and immunities specified in
Articles 12 to 17. However, the immunity from civil and administrative
jurisdiction shall be confined to acts performed in the course of official
duties. The members of the administrative and technical staff shall enjoy
the privilege of exemption from dues and taxes specified in paragraph one
of Article 18 in respect of articles intended for their establishment
which are imported within six months of the time of installation.
The members of the service staff of the mission who are not nationals of
and permanently resident in China shall enjoy immunity in respect of acts
performed in the course of official duties and exemption from income tax
on the emoluments they receive by reason of their employment. They shall
enjoy the privilege of exemption from dues and taxes as specified in
paragraph one of Article 18 of the present Regulations in respect of
articles intended for their establishment which are imported within six
months of the time of installation.
The private attendants of members of the mission shall, if they are not
nationals of and permanently resident in China, be exempt from income tax
on the emoluments they receive by reason of their employment.
Article 21
Diplomatic agents who are nationals of China or foreigners having obtained
permanent residence in China shall enjoy immunity from jurisdiction and
inviolability only in respect of acts performed in the course of official
duties.
Article 22
The following persons shall enjoy immunity and inviolability necessary for
their transit through or sojourn in China:
(1) a diplomatic agent stationed in a third State who passes through China
together with his spouse and underage children forming part of his
household;
(2) a visiting foreign official who has obtained a diplomatic visa from
China or who holds a diplomatic passport of a State with which China has
an agreement on the mutual exemption of visas;
(3) other visiting foreigners to whom the Chinese Government has granted
the privileges and immunities specified in the present Article.
The provisions of Articles 10 and 11 shall apply, mutatis mutandis, to a
diplomatic courier of a third state passing through China and his
accompanying diplomatic bag.
Article 23
Visiting heads of State or government, foreign ministers and other
officials of comparable status from foreign States shall enjoy the
privileges and immunities specified in the present Regulations.
Article 24
Representatives of foreign States coming to China to attend international
conferences sponsored by the United Nations or its specialized agencies,
visiting officials and experts of the United Nations and its specialized
agencies, and offices of the United Nations and its specialized agencies
in China and their personnel shall enjoy such treatment as specified in
the relevant international conventions to which China has acceded and
agreements which China has concluded with the international organizations
concerned.
Article 25
Persons enjoying diplomatic privileges and immunities under the present
Regulations shall:
(1) respect Chinese laws and regulations;
(2) not interfere in the internal affairs of China;
(3) not practise for personal profit any professional or commercial
activity on Chinese territory;
(4) not use the premises of the mission and the residence of the members
of the staff of the mission for purposes incompatible with the functions
of the mission.
Article 26
In case the diplomatic privileges and immunities accorded by a foreign
State to the Chinese mission and its members in that State and to visiting
Chinese personnel concerned are fewer than those China would give under
the present Regulations to the mission of that State and its members in
China and its visiting personnel concerned, the Chinese Government may
accord them such diplomatic privileges and immunities as appropriate on a
reciprocal basis.
Article 27
Where there are other provisions in international treaties to which China
is a contracting or acceding party, the provisions of those treaties shall
prevail, with the exception of those provisions on which China has
expressed reservations. Where there are other provisions in agreements on
diplomatic privileges and immunities between China and other countries,
the provisions of those agreements shall prevail.
Article 28
For the purpose of the present Regulations, the following expressions
shall have the meanings hereunder assigned to them:
(1) the "head of the mission" is the ambassador, minister, charge
d'affaires or other person of equivalent rank charged by the sending State
with the duty of acting in that capacity;
(2) the "members of the mission" are the head of the mission and the
members of the staff of the mission;
(3) the "members of the staff of the mission" are the members of the
diplomatic staff, of the administrative and technical staff and of the
service staff of the mission;
(4) the "members of the diplomatic staff of the mission" are the members
of the staff of the mission having diplomatic rank;
(5) a "diplomatic agent" is the head of the mission or a member of the
diplomatic staff of the mission;
(6) the "members of the administrative and technical staff of the mission"
are the members of the staff of the mission engaged in the administrative
and technical work of the mission;
(7) the "members of the service staff of the mission" are the members of
the staff of the mission in the domestic service of the mission;
(8) a "private attendant" is a person in the private employment of a
member of the mission;
(9) the "premises of the mission" are the buildings and the land ancillary
thereto used for the purposes of the mission and the residence of the head
of the mission.
Article 29
The present Regulations shall enter into force on the date of their
promulgation.
药物纠纷与医疗纠纷之比较
李洪奇
顾名思义，药物纠纷泛指一切与药物使用有关的民事纠纷；医疗纠纷泛指一切与医疗行为有关的民事纠纷。二者之间既有联系又有区别：联系在于药物使用是医疗活动的重要内容，药物不合格或使用不当造成患者人身损害就会引发医疗纠纷；区别则在于二者的纠纷起因、法律关系、法律适用、责任主体、归责原则和举证责任等方面存在严格不同。
一，纠纷成因
引发药物纠纷的原因主要分为三类：1，合格药品发生不良反应；2，不合格药品致人损害；3，药品使用不符合规定。引发医疗纠纷的原因可大体分为四类：1，诊疗护理存在过错；2，患者一方存在过错；3，与医疗活动有关的第三方存在过错；4，各方均无过错。
二，法律关系
概括而言，虽然药物纠纷和医疗纠纷法律关系均属于“特殊侵权”，但因侵权主体、侵权方式不同，故二者的归责原则存在区别。
（一）、药物纠纷案件中，不合格药品致人损害属于“产品质量责任”，违规用药则属于“医疗行为侵权”，合格药品发生不良反应一般归于“不可抗力”。
（二）、医疗纠纷案件中，诊疗护理存在过错属于典型的“医疗行为侵权”，与医疗活动有关的第三方存在过错则可能涉及“违约责任”、“产品责任”和“侵权责任”。
（三）、药物纠纷与医疗纠纷的联系决定了同一法律事实具有“二重”法律关系。实践中，药物致人损害引发的医疗纠纷通常是“产品质量责任”和“医疗侵权”的重叠，所以同一诉讼中，原告需要选择一种法律关系决定其诉讼案由。
三，法律适用
不同法律事实形成不同的法律关系，不同法律关系适用不同法律规定。
（一）、药物纠纷案件中，因不合格药品致人损害主要适用《民法通则》、《产品质量法》、最高人民法院《关于审理人身损害赔偿案件适用法律若干问题的解释》等法律法规。
《民法通则》第122条规定，因产品质量不合格造成他人财产、人身损害的，产品制造者、销售者应当依法承担民事责任。运输者、仓储者对此负有责任的，产品制造者、销售者有权要求赔偿损失。《产品质量法》第43条“因产品存在缺陷造成人身、他人财产损害的，受害人可以向产品的生产者要求赔偿，也可以向产品的销售者要求赔偿。属于产品的生产者的责任，产品的销售者赔偿的，产品的销售者有权向产品的生产者追偿。属于产品的销售者的责任，产品的生产者赔偿的，产品的生产者有权向产品的销售者追偿。”
（二）医疗纠纷案件则要根据不同诉讼案由分别适用不同法律：1，医疗事故损害赔偿纠纷适用《医疗事故处理条例》及配套的的法规文件；2，医疗事故损害赔偿纠纷适用《民法通则》和《关于审理人身损害赔偿案件适用法律若干问题的解释》；3，医疗服务合同纠纷自然要适用《合同法》及相关司法解释、行政法规的规定。
四，责任主体与诉讼地位
因不合格药品致人损害民事案件的责任主体包括药品制造者、销售者、运输者或仓储者。患者若以“产品质量责任”为案由提起诉讼，可将药厂、药批和医院列为共同被告，各被告之间承担连带责任，药厂承担最终产品质量责任；医疗纠纷案件的责任主体是医疗机构或其他医疗服务提供者，患者若以“医疗损害赔偿”或“医疗事故赔偿”为案由提起诉讼，应当以医院为被告，药厂则可被追加为无独立请求的第三人。
五，归责原则
从以上法律规定中不难看出药物纠纷与医疗纠纷的归责原则是完全不同的：
（一）、“产品质量责任”适用“无过错原则”，即只要药品存在质量缺陷，被认定为不合格产品，药品生产企业就要承担法律责任，不以其主观上是否存在过错为前提。
（二）、“医疗行为侵权”适用 “过错推定原则”，即首先假设医方存在过错，医方有义务证明自己不存在过错，若不能证明就要推定医方存在过错，承担法律责任。该原则虽然不再是“谁主张，谁举证”，但仍以医方主观上是否存在过错为承担法律责任的前提。
六，举证责任
举证责任分配是处理民事纠纷案件的重要环节，药物纠纷与医疗纠纷案件的举证责任已有明确的法律规定。
（一）、药物纠纷案件中，药厂对法定免责事由举证；患者对人身损害及其与缺陷药品之间因果关系举证。
最高人民法院《关于民事诉讼证据的若干规定》 第4条中规定“ (六)因缺陷产品致人损害的侵权诉讼，由产品的生产者就法律规定的免责事由承担举证责任”。 2000年7月8日修正的《产品质量法》第41条“因产品存在缺陷造成人身、缺陷产品以外的其他财产(以下简称他人财产)损害的，生产者应当承担赔偿责任。生产者能够证明有下列情形之一的，不承担赔偿责任 (1)未将产品投入流通的：(2)产品投入流通时，引起损害的缺陷尚不存在的： (3)将产品投入流通时的科学技术水平尚不能发现缺陷的存在的。
（二）、医疗纠纷案件中，医院对不存在医疗过错和过错与损害之间无因果关系举证；患者对医疗事实存在和损害结果发生举证。
2002 年 4 月 1 正式实施的《关于民事诉讼证据的若干规定》规定：“因医疗行为引起的侵权诉讼，由医疗机构就医疗行为与损害结果之间不存在因果关系及不存在医疗过错承担举证责任。”这是我国把“过错推定原则”以司法解释的形式适用到医疗领域的侵权行为，只要患者证明医疗事实存在并受到损害，医疗机构就必须证明自己的医疗行为没有过错，且医疗行为与损害结果之间不存在因果关系，否则承担不利法律后果，这种负担举证责任的方式在民事法学上称作“举证责任倒置”。
正是由于药物纠纷和医疗纠纷的密切联系，有些人忽视了二者之间的本质区别，影响到他们对医药法律事实的认定，甚至错误认为药物纠纷一概适用“过错推定原则”，进而形成“举证责任倒置”错误认识。所以，不认清二者之间的关系就无法正确把握法律的适用，更无法提出合理合法的索赔要求，就可能要承担不利的法律后果。
作者：北京市中济律师事务所医药卫生法律部主任律师 李洪奇
电话：010－88083116
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